The people who drank one to two glasses of alcohol, three to four times a week, had a lower risk of heart attack, which the researchers hypothesised could be due to beneficial effects of alcohol on HDL cholesterol – the so-called ‘good’ cholesterol – as well as haemoglobin A1c (a marker of diabetes risk) and fibrinogen, an agent that helps the blood to clot. These three factors all play an important role in ‘metabolic syndrome’; the cluster of abnormalities that often heralds cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Other studies have found hints that alcohol might alter the balance of these factors for the better, which pointed to a possible mechanism by which alcohol in moderation could improve health.
Other studies have replicated this sweet-spot effect of alcohol for ischaemic stroke (strokes caused by a blood clot in the brain) and death in general. But before you dive out and prescribe yourself a couple of bottles a week – for your health, of course – you might want to read on.
Do abstainers actually have a higher risk of death than people who have one or two alcoholic drinks a day? It isn’t as straightforward as it looks.
In 2006, a team of researchers took a closer look at how these studies were designed. Their meta-analysis showed a major flaw in the way drinkers – or rather abstainers – were classified: the abstainers in many of these studies included people who had cut back or stopped drinking because of ill health or old age. This could potentially make non-drinkers look like a far less healthy group than the general population.
Importantly, the studies without this misclassification didn’t find a reduction in heart disease or death among moderate drinkers.
Other researchers have now explored this ‘misclassification hypothesis’ more closely, including a huge UK-based population study published this year.
It showed that when you simply compare alcohol consumption and health outcomes, you find a clear beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption. But if you take former drinkers out of the abstainers group, then the benefits don’t look so rosy – in fact, they all but disappear.
Meanwhile, another team of researchers studied people whose bodies cannot process alcohol properly – and therefore who generally don’t drink alcohol at all – and found those with this genetic marker had better cardiovascular health and a lower risk of coronary heart disease than those without it.
And then there’s the really bad news. Whatever the effects that alcohol does or doesn’t have on your heart disease risk, it can still hasten your death in a myriad of other colourful ways.
The World Health Organization reported last year that drinking can increase your risk of depression and anxiety, liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, suicide, violence, and accidental injury.
Alcohol is also linked to cancer of the mouth, nose, larynx, oesophagus, colon, liver, and breast cancer in women. Between 4% and 30% of cancer deaths worldwide could be attributed to alcohol use (for breast cancer, the most common, the figure was 8%). Importantly, even moderate drinking confers some increased risk: just one glass a day increases the risk of breast cancer by 4%, while heavy drinking can increasethe risk by 40-50%.
Heavy drinking weakens the immune system and is therefore linked with pneumonia and tuberculosis. It also encourages risky sexual behaviour which increases the chance of acquiring sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. And drinking during pregnancy can cause damage to the foetus, leading to Foetal Alcohol Syndrome.
In total, there are more than 200 diseases and injuries that can be linked to alcohol consumption, including 30 that are caused only by alcohol.
But the idea that moderate alcohol consumption might be beneficial has not entirely gone away, and even organisations dedicated to combating the problem of alcohol grudgingly say that small amounts of alcohol may have a protective effect against heart disease and some types of stroke.
Confused? You’re not the only one. Perhaps the best summation of how alcohol affects our health comes from acritical analysis published in early 2013. Its author concluded that, while the evidence of alcohol’s harmful effects was solid, there were plenty of reasons to take evidence of alcohol’s health benefits with a grain of salt – but not, perhaps, a slice of lemon.
